Popular Psychologists
*William James (1842-1910) American philosopher, historian and psychologist
Famous theories given by James
1.James-Lange theory of emotion, which posits that human experience of emotion arises from physiological changes in response to external events.
Famous theories given by Pavlov
1.Conditioned reflexes & Classical Conditioning ( influenced the rise of behaviorism in Psycholgoy).
Santiago Ramon Y Cajal (1852-1934), One of the pioneer of neuroscience, Santiago Ramon Y Cajal was born in Navarre, Spain. He was often in trouble for his rebellious behavior as a boy, but eventually settled down to study at the University of Zaragoza medical school, where his father taught anatomy. After serving in the army as medical officer, he studied the structure of the nervous system, and his work had a great influence on the development of biological psychology.
Famous theories given by Cajal
1.Neuron theory
*Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was born in Freiberg, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic), but at age of four moved with his family to Vienna, Austria, where he spent almost all of his life. He studied medicine and Philosophy there, and later developed his technique of psychoanalysis for treating neurotic disorders, including depression and phobias. His work has had a great influence on psychotherapy, even if many of his theories have since been discredited.
Famous theories given by Freud
1.Uncounscious mind
2.The id, the ego, and the superego (Personality)
3. Life and death instincts
4.Psychosexual development
5.Mechanisms of defense.
*Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), Swiss psychiatrist, was born in Kesswil, Switzerland. Jung was the son of philologist and pastor. His childhood was lonely, although enriched by a vivid imagination, and from an early age he observed the behavior of his parents and teachers, which he tried to resolve. From an early age he showed an interest in trying to understand his inner mental life. He studied medicine at the University of Basel, where he graduated in 1900; he then studied psychiatry at the University of Zurich. In 1903. From 1905 until 1913, Jung was a faculty member at the University of Zurich. Jung also co-founded the International Psychoanalytic Society in 1911.
In the early 1900s, Sigmund Freud become a friend and mentor to Jung
Famous theories given by Jung
1.Theory of neurosis
2. The collective unconscious (He believed that human beings are connected to each other and their ancestors through a shared set of experiences. We use this collective consciousness to give meaning to the world.)
3. Psychoanalytic theory
4. Personality theory
5. Human Psyche is the whole mind, including the conscious and the unconscious.
*Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Famous theories given by Piaget
1.Cognitive development
*Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
Famous theories given by Vygotsky
1. Sociocultural theory (social interaction plays a critical role in children's learning)
Gordon Allport (1897-1967), Often regarded as the founder of personality psychology, Gordon Allport spent most of his working life at Harvard University. He was born in Indiana, the son of country doctor, and at the age of six moved to Ohio. He first studied philosophy and economics at Harvard, and after a year in Istanbul, Turkey, returned to earn a PhD in psychology. He also studied in Germany and England, but taught at Harvard from 1924 until his death in 1967. When he was 22, he traveled to Vienna. He had arranged to meet with great Sigmund Freud!
Famous theories given by Allport
1. Functional autonomy
2.Trait theory of personality
3.Contact hypothesis , the theory holds that contact b/w two groups can promote tolerance and acceptance, but only under certain conditions such as equal status among groups and common goals.
*Carl Rogers (1902- 1987)
Famous theories given by Rogers
1.Client-centered therapy
*Erik Erikson (1902- 1994)
Famous theories given by Erikson
1.Erik Erikson's stage theory
*Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904- 1990) was born in Susquehanna, a small railroad town in the hills of Pennsylvania just below Binghamton, New York. With on younger brother, he grew up in a home environment he described as "warm and stable". His father was a rising young lawyer, his mother a housewife. B.F. Skinner received several awards over his lifetime. These honors included the National Medal of Science in 1968, the Human of the Year Award in 1972 and a Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology in 1990.
Famous theories given by Skinner
1. Operant Conditioning
Solomon Asch (1907-1996) and his family emigrated to New York from Warsaw, Poland, in 1920, when he was 13. After graduating with a science degree, he earned a PhD in psychology under Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer. Asch continued his mentor's work in Gestalt psychology, teaching at several American universities, and become one of the pioneers in the field of social psychology. He is most famous for his work on conformity. Asch spoke little English when he arrived in New York, so taught himself by reading Charles Dickens.
Famous theories / Hypothesis given by Asch
1. Peer pressure influences social behavior (people tended to behave decently towards each other)
Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999) is best known for her work on child development, especially mother-and-child relationships. She was born in Ohio but was brought up in Canada, and studied psychology at the University of Toronto. In 1950, she moved to London with her husband, the British psychologist Leonard Ainsworth, and worked with John Bowlby at Tavistock Clinic. She returned to the United States in 1956 to teach at Johns Hopkins University and the University of Virginia. She was an expert in Rorschach tests, a method of assessing personality from the patterns people find in ink blots.
Famous theories / Hypothesis given by Ainsworth
1.Attachment theory
*Leon Festinger (1919- 1989)
Famous theories given by Festinger
1.Congnitive dissonance and social comparison (Social conditions influence human behavior)
*Albert Bandura (1925- ) was born in the small town of Mundare in northern Alberta, Canada. He was educated in a small elementary school and high school in one, with minimal resources, yet a remarkable success rate. After high school, he worked for one summer filling holes on the Alaska Highway in the Yukon. He received his bachelors degree in Psychology from the University of British Columbia in 1949. He went on to the University of lowa, where he received his PhD in 1952. In 1953, he started teaching at Stanford University. While there, he collaborated with first graduate student, Richard Walters, resulting in their first book, Adolescent Aggression, in 1959.
Bandura was president of the APA in 1973,and received the APA's Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions in 1980.
Famous theories given by Bandura
1.Social learning theory
Donald Broadbent (1926-1993), A hugely influential psychologist, Donald Broadbent's regular television and radio appearances helped popularize psychology. He was born in Birmingham, England, and left school to join the Royal air Force during World War-II. He then studied psychology at Cambridge and worked at the university's Applied Psychology Unit, becoming its director in 1958. In 1974, he moved to Oxford University, where he worked until his retirement in 1991.
Famous theories given by Broadbent
1.The filter model of attention which states that there is a sensory buffer where all sensory stimuli enter at any given time. One of the sensory inputs is chosen based on the physical attributes of the stimuli. This input is then allowed to pass through a filter.
Stanley Milgram (1933-1984), The son of a Jewish Hungarian baker and his Romanian wife, Stanley Milgram was born in New York City. He was an excellent student, and went on to study political science before earning a PhD in Social psychology at Harvard. Milgram became famous for his experiments on obedience while teaching at Yale in the 1960s. He was working as a professor in New York when he died of a heart attack in 1984.
Famous theories given by Milgram
1.Agency theory
Vilayanur Subramaniam Ramachandran (1951- ), Neuroscientist Ramachandran was born in Tamil Nadu, India. His father worked for the United Nations, so the family moved frequently, and Ramachandran went to school in Madras and Bangkok, Thailand. He studied medicine in Madras, then moved to England, earing a PhD from Cambridge University. He worked as a researcher at Oxford University before setting in the United States. He is now a professor in the Department of Psychology at University of California. In 2011, Time magazine listed him as one of "the most influential people in the world."
Famous theories given by Ramchandran
1.Mirror visual feedback / mirror therapy
Terminology
"*" sign for influential Psychologists
