Effects

The Effect: A change which is result or consequence of an action or other cause.

Baader-Meinhof effect / Baader-Meinhof phenomenon / frequency illusion:

Bambi effect: Animals widely perceived as visually appealing will be given more consideration or sympathy than those deemed less attractive. (A rare additional connotation refers to homosexual men who engage in heterosexual behavior.)

Bandwagon effect: It is the term used to describe the tendency for people to adopt certain behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so. (A literal "bandwagon" is a wagon that carries a musical ensemble, or band, during the course of a parade, circus, or other entertainment event.)

Reverse bandwagon effect / Snob effect: It is a cognitive bias that cause people to avoid doing something because they believe that other people are doing it.

Ben Franklin effect: A person who has already performed a favor for another person is more likely to do another favor for the other than if they had received a favor from that person. An explanation for this is cognitive dissonance. People reason that they help others because they like them, even if they do not, because their minds struggle to maintain logical consistency between their actions and perceptions.

The Ben Franklin effect, in other words, is the result of one's concept of self coming under attack. Every person develops a persona, and that persona persists because inconsistencies in one's personal narrative get rewritten, redacted, and misinterpreted.

Birthday-number effect: It is the subconscious tendency of people to prefer the numbers in the date of their birthday over other numbers. First reported in 1997 by Japanese psychologists Shinobu Kitayama and Mayumi Karasawa.

Blocking effect: The conditioning of an association between two stimuli, a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) is impaired if, during the conditioning process, the CS is presented together with a second CS that has already been associated with the US.

For example, an agent (such as a mouse) is exposed to a light ( the first conditioned stimulus, CS1), together with food (the unconditioned stimulus, US).After repeated pairings of CS1 and US, the agent salivates conditioning trials, this time the light (CS1) and a tone ( CS2) together with the US. Now, when tested, the agent does not salivate to the tone(CS2). In other words, an association between the tone CS2 and the US has been "blocked" because the CS-US association already exists.

Boomerang effect: It refers to the unintended consequences of an attempt to persuade resulting in the adoption of an opposing position instead. It is sometimes also referred to "the theory of psychological reactance", stating that attempts to restrict a person's freedom often produce an "anticonformity boomerang effect".

Bystander effect / bystander apathy: It is social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when there ae other people present.

Cinderella effect: In evolutionary psychology, the Cinderella effect is the phenomenon of higher incidences of different forms of child abuse and mistreatment by stepparents than by biological parents.

Goldilocks effect / principle : The Goldilocks Principle is the cognitive effect that people, when confronted with similar choices, tend to gravitate towards the more moderate option. It derives from children's story in which Goldilocks finds that she prefers the bowl of porridge that neither too hot nor too cold, but has just the right temperature.

An animation use to study the Goldilocks effect in visual attention of infants.

1.Goldilocks effect or principle refers to an infant's preference to attend to events that  are neither too simple nor too complex according to their current representation of the world.

2.The Goldilocks effect is our tendency to consume information that's not too long, detailed, and complex, yet not too short, simple, and watered down.

3.Goldilocks effect is a concept that humans cannot be too far away from others, but they cannot be too close either.

Halo effect: The "halo effect" is when one trait of a person or thing is used to make an overall judgment of that person or thing.

• If  readers like one post on a blog, they're more likely to judge the entire blog favorably in the future.
•  If you are lazy yet smart, try projecting your smartness before your laziness comes to light. It'll help in the long run.

Mandela effect / False memory: The Mandela effect is an unusual phenomenon where a large group of people remember something differently than how it occurred. Conspiracy theorists believe this is proof of an alternate universe, while many doctors use it an an illustration of how imperfect memory can be sometimes.

Streisand effect: The phenomenon where an attempt to hide, remove, or censor a piece of content has the unintended consequence of drawing more attention to that content.

Attempts to censor or conceal information lead to increased publicity.

Cobra effect: An attempted solution to a problem actually makes the problem worse. Named for an anecdote to reduce dangerous cobras where villagers were paid a bounty for dead cobras, and people began 'farming' the snakes to collect more bounty.  

Hydra effect / Hydra paradox: Owns its name to the greet legend of the Lernaean Hydra (the mythical creature hydra) which grew two heads for each one cut off, and is used figuratively for counter-intuitive effects of actions to reduce a problem which result in simulating its multiplication.

• Most notably scientists have proposed that ecological systems can exhibit a hydra effect when "a higher death rate in a particular species ultimately increases the size of its population".The hypothesis is suggested to have implications for the eradication of pests, and resouce management. There are also said to be indications that reducing the death rate can shrink a population.
• The hydra effect has also been used about negative outcomes when shutting down torrent sites which come back in more incarnations, and is cited by those opposing the war on drugs and targeted killing as counter-productive effects. In 2016 the site Torrentz shut down its operations two weeks, there were 3 torrent sites that were built as replacements for Torrentz, which stands as perfect example of the hydra effect. Similarly, after the torrent website The Pirate Bay was shut down in December 2014, it reincarnated with hundreds of copies within a week.

Placebo Effect: The mind can have a powerful influence on the body, and in some cases, can even help the body heal. The mind can even sometimes trick you into believing that a fake treatment has real therapeutic results, a phenomenon that is known as the placebo effect.

The placebo effect is defined as a phenomenon in which some people experience a benfit after the administration of an inactive "look-alike" substance or treatment. This substance, or placebo, has no known medical effect. 

Nocebo Effect / Nocebo response: Placebo effect has a dark side, too -- a sort of negative placebo effect called the nocebo effect.

The nocebo effect, happens when a person's negative expectations of treatment lead to negative side effects.

• the nocebo effect can also occur when a doctor tells you sugery or procedure could have negative results: just knowing the risks could negatively impact your recovery..all because of the power of suggestion.

Butterfly effect: The butterfly effect is the idea that small things can have non-linear impacts on a complex system. The concept is imagined with a butterfly flapping its wings and causing a typhoon.

Of course, a single act like the butterfly flapping its wings cannot cause a typhoon. Small events can, however, serve as catalysts that act on starting conditions.

• A seemingly inconsequential event or incident can have momentous consequences.

Domino effect: Dominoes is a game where you stack up domino tiles close to each other. You push one which falls into the next. The domino effect states that when you make a change to one behavior it will activate a chain reaction and cause a shift in related behavior as well.

• Each in a series of events or incidents causes the subsequent phenomena.
• The doppler effect is due to differences in relative velocity, not position.

Ripple effect: A single incident or occurrence may have consequences and ramifications beyond the scope of the original phenomenon.

Snowball effect: The snowball effect is something that picks up momentum and size and has a larger impact than the start.

Pygmalion effect: The more that is expected of  people, the better they will perform.

Mozart effect: Listening to music composed by Mozart temporarily improves performance on mental tasks. ( This theory has been distorted to suggest that doing so makes the listener smarter; furthermore, additional studies have concluded that the specific composer or music genre, or whether one listens specifically to music at all, is irrelevant; experiencing anything one enjoys may improve performance.)

Hawthorne effect: People being observed as part of a study will perform better or otherwise as expected simply because

they know they are being studied.

Hundredth-monkey effect: A thought or behavior is widely and suddenly distributed through a group once a critical number of members of that group are exposed to the thought or behavior. ( This theory is basically valid, but the claim of instantaneous transmission has been discredited.)

Trickle-down effect: A consumer item may initially be affordable only for the affluent, but its price will likely decrease until people of more modest means can afford it (at which time it often become less attractive to wealthier people).

Martha Mitchell effect: It refers to the process by which a psychiatrist, psychologist, mental health clinician, or other medical professional labels a patient's accurate perception of real events as delusional, resulting in misdiagnosis.

Name-letter effect: It is the tendency of people to prefer the letters in their name over other letters in the alphabet. Whether subjects are asked to rank all letters of the alphabet, rate each of the letters, choose the letters they prefer out of a set of two, or pick a small set of letters they most prefer, on average people consistently like the letters in their own name the most. Crucially, subjects are not aware that they are choosing letters from their name.

Negative (positive) contrast effect: Behavioral contrast refers to a change in the strength of one response that occurs when the rate of reward of a second response, or of the first response under different conditions, is changed.

For example: suppose that a pigeon in an operant chamber pecks a key for food reward. Sometimes the key is red, sometimes green, but food comes with equal frequency in either case. Then suddenly pecking the key when it is green brings food less frequently. Positive contrast is seen when the rate of response to the red key goes up, even though the frequency of reward in red remains unchanged. Likewise, increasing the reward to green tends to reduce the response rate to red (negative contrast). This sort of contrast effect may occur following changes in the amount, frequency, or nature of the reward, and it has been shown to occur with various experimental designs and response measures (e.g. response rate, running speed).

Negativity effect / Negativity bias: It is the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than neutral or positive things.

In other words, something very positive will generally have less of an impact on a person's behavior and cognition than something equally emotional but negative. The negativity effect has been investigated within many different domains, including the formation of impressions and general evaluations; attention, learning, and memory; and decision-making and risk considerations.

Novelty effect: in the contest of human performance, is the tendency for performance to initially improve when new technology is instituted, not because of any actual improvement in learning or achievement, but in response to increased interest in the new technology.

Howthorne effect / observer effect: refers to a type of reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.

Observer-expectancy effect / experimenter-expectancy effect / expectancy bias / observer effect / experimenter effect: It is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. Confirmation bias can lead to the experimenter interpreting results incorrectly because of the tendency to look for information that conforms to their hypothesis, and overlook information that argues against it. It is a significant threat to a study's internal validity, and is therefore typically controlled using a double-blind experimental design.

Online disinhibition effect: It is the lack of restraint one feels when communicating online in comparison to communicating in-person. People feel safer saying things online which they would not say in real like because they have the ability to remain completely anonymous and invisible behind the computer screen. Apart from anonymity deficit or individual personality and cultural factor also contribute to online disinhibition.

The manifestations of such effect could be in both positive and negative directions. Thus online disinhibition could be classified as benign disinhibition or toxic disinhibition.

Overconfidence effect: It is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in his or her judgments in reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high. Overconfidence is one example of a miscalibration of subjective probabilities.

Overjustification effect: It occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task. Overjustification is an explanation for the phenomenon known as motivational "crowding out".

The overall effect of offering a reward for a previously unrewarded activity is a shift to extrinsic motivation and the undermining of pre-existing intrinsic motivation. Once rewards are no longer offered, interest in the activity is lost; prior intrinsic motivation does not return, and extrinsic rewards must be continuously offered as motivation to sustain the activity.

Overview effect: It is cognitive shift in awareness reported by some astronauts during spaceflight, often while viewing the Earth from outer space.

"The thing that really surprised me was that it [Earth] projected an air of fragility. And why, I don't know. I don't know to this day. I had a feeling it's tiny, it's shiny, it's beautiful, it's home, and it's fragile." -- Michael Collins, Apollo 11

Picture superiority effect: It refers to the phenomenon in which picture and images are more likely to be remembered than are words. It is based on the notion that "human memory is extremely sensitive to the symbolic modality of presentation of event information".

Positive effect is the ability to constructively analyze a situation where the desired results are not achieved; but still obtain positive feedback that assists our future progression.

Pratfall effect, in social psychology, is the tendency for interpersonal appeal to change after an individual makes a mistake, depending on the individual's perceived competence. In particular, highly competent individuals tend to become more likable after committing mistakes, while average seeming individuals tend to become less likeable even if they commit the same mistake.

Proteus effect describes a phenomenon in which the behavior of an individual, within virtual worlds, is changed by the characteristics of their avatar. This change is due to individual's knowledge about the behaviors that other users who are part of that virtual environment typically associate with those characteristics.

Rashomon effect is a term related to the notorious unreliability of eyewitnesses. It describes a situation in which an event is given contradictory or descriptions by the individuals involved.

Ringelmann effect is the tendency for individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of their group increases.

(A tug of war is often used as an illustration of the Ringelmann effect. As more people are involved in a task, their average performance decreases, each participant tending to feel that their own effort is not critical. 

Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in series best, and the middle items worst.

Side effect

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